Text 3

To paraphrase18th-century statesman Edmund Burke,“all that is neededfor the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing。”O(jiān)ne suchcause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animalshave rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respondforcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the publicand thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of theanimal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on publicfunding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearingallegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed thatanyone would deliberately harm an animal。

For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights boothat a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers notto use anything that comes from or is animals—no meat , no fur, nomedicines, Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccinescome from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, “Then I wouldhave to say yes�！� Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, “ Don’t worry,scientists will find some way of using computers�！� Such well-meaningpeople just don't understand。

Scientists must communicate their message to the public in acompassionate, understandable way—in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need tomake clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother's hipreplacement, a father's bypass operation, a baby's vaccinations, and even apet's shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed toproduce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animalresearch seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst。

Much can be done. Scientists could“adopt”middleschool classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respondto letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged andacquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be openedto tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, becausethe ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community shouldactively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as StephenCooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research,but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing there is areal possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the preciousembers of medical progress。

31. The author begins his article with Edmund Burke's words to

[A] call on scientists to take some actions。

[B] criticize the misguided cause of animal rights。

[C] warn of the doom of biomedical research。

[D] show the triumph of the animal rights movement。

32. Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is

[A] cruel but natural。

[B] inhuman and unacceptable。

[C] inevitable but vicious。

[D] pointless and wasteful。

33. The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show thepublic’s

[A] discontent with animal research。

[B] ignorance about medical science。

[C] indifference to epidemics。

[D] anxiety about animal rights。

34. The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animalrights advocates, scientists should

[A] communicate more with the public。

[B] employ hi-tech means in research。

[C] feel no shame for their cause。

[D] strive to develop new cures。

35. From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is

[A] a well-known humanist。

[B] a medical practitioner。

[C] an enthusiast in animal rights。

[D] a supporter of animal research。

Text 4

I am a neuroscientist.I make a living by studying how the brain works.Although neuroscience has taken huge strides forward in the past decade，it is a long way from being able to address the problems dealt with by psychotherapy.3) Neuroscience cannot yet explain how we feel，and it is a long way from being able to prescribe what a miserable person must do to feel better.So，as a neuroscientist，I feel I should have a conclusion about the alternative approach.

The first question I must answer is：“What do psychotherapies have to offer?”First，let us deal with the scientific angle.The best way to start is by assessing a claim that has cropped up several times over the year.It was first made of psychoanalysis，but it has been extended to other psychotherapies.It is the claim that psychoanalysis is the successor to religion，that it gives a scientific，rather than a superstitious，answer to the question of how best to lead a happy，fulfilled life.

I would say this claim is at best half right.Psychoanalysis may indeed answer the question of how best to lead a happy life，but it has a lot more in common with religion than it has with science.In fact，psychoanalysis is not the successor to religion，it is just another religion.

This assessment is based on the way religions and sciences deal with fundamental truths.In religions，truths are laid down by God and revealed to the prophets who，in their turn，pass them on to the faithful.They are sacred mysteries that cannot be questioned.In science，on the other hand，truths are nothing if not questionable.The laws of science are deduced from the results of experiments and can be used to predict new experimental results.If new results go against the prediction，they show the law to be false.A new experimental result，or a new theory for deriving predictions from the results，can change the accepted truths.If a scientific statement cannot，in principle，be proved wrong then it tells us nothing.

Psychoanalysis suffers from just this problem.4)It is a maxim that our psychological problems are rooted in past conflicts，and that the repressed memories of these conflicts emerge from the unconscious in coded forms that can be interpreted by the analyst.But the codes are so obscure and so flexible that they defy rational explanation.There is no way the maxims could be disproved.They may not be sacred，but they are definitely mysteries.

Many other therapies are based on untestable theories.Of course，that doesn‘t necessarily prevent them from working.There is no doubt thousands of people feel that psychoanalysis has helped them to lead fuller and happier lives.But the number of satisfied customers is no guide to scientific validity;if it were，religion would come out way ahead.

36. The author considers his role as a neuroscientist____.

[A]irrelevant to that of a psychoanalyst

[B]different from that of a psychoanalyst

[C]of the same importance as that of a psychotherapeutist

[D]purely imaginary and impractical

37. According to the author，psychoanalysis is another religion in that____.

[A]it does nothing towards revealing fundamental truth

[B]its conclusions are seldom capable of being tested

[C]it has too many prophets and blind believers

[D]it takes over many doctrines from religious beliefs

38. By saying that“Psychoanalysis suffers from just this problem”(Para.5)the author means that____.

[A]psychoanalysis deals with problems or conflicts inside the unconscious

[B]the assertions in psychoanalysis cannot be disproved

[C]psychoanalysis attaches no importance to doing experiments

[D]psychoanalysts can not explain psychological problems to patients

39. Which of the following is a science according to the author?

[A]Neuroscience.

[B]Psychoanalysis.

[C]Psychotherapy.

[D]None of the above.

40. The main purpose of the passage is____.

[A]to refute the practical value of psychoanalysis

[B]to propose neuroscience as an alternative to psychoanalysis

[C]to compare the theories of psychoanalysis with religious doctrines

[D]to explain why psychoanalysis is not a science