二、詞匯問題(Vocabulary)
詞匯(Vocabulary)是三級閱讀理解測試中非常重要的一項。詞匯類其實也是就細節(jié)進行提問,所不同的是這是唯一關(guān)于詞或詞組的練習項目,詞匯題往往要求對文章中的某個單詞、短語甚至句子等找出近義詞或最合適的解釋。解答這類題需要學生擁有較大的詞匯量?墒牵瑔卧~記憶似乎已成為學生普遍反映最頭痛的難題。閱讀理解中詞匯類問題的常見提問方式有下列幾種:
(1)According to the author,the word“…”means_______.
(2)Which of the following is nearest in meaning to“…”?
(3)The term“……”in paragraph…can be best replaced by…
(4)What's the meaning of“…”in line…of paragraph…
(5)As used in the line…,the word“…”refers to_______.
一般來說,在文章的閱讀中解決釋義的最鄧辦法是猜測詞義。猜測詞義也需要一定的技巧,可以通過:1)上下文間意義的聯(lián)系;2)同義關(guān)系;反義關(guān)系;3)詞的定義;4)對詞的解釋和舉例;5)構(gòu)詞法知識猜測詞義。
1、利用上下文詞語意義的互相聯(lián)系猜測詞義
Example:
The fishermen make their canoes from tree trunks.They go from island to island in these light marrow boats and collect turtles' eggs.
我們從上下文中可以得出以下信息:“canoes”是一種漁夫用樹木做的、來回于島嶼之間的、輕狹長的、類似于小船之類的東西。盡管我們可能還不能肯定它的確切解釋,但這一生詞已經(jīng)不會影響我們的閱讀和理解了。
Example:
Jogging has become very popular in some countries,It is believed to be a good exercise for old people.
“Jogging”的意思通過“a good exercise for old people ”可以推斷出是一種適合老年人的劇烈的運動方式。
2、利用文章中詞與詞的同義和反義關(guān)系猜測詞義
Example:
If you happened to be sitting in the woods outside the city,you might have witnessed a strange sight.You would have seen a very proud looking man riding along horseback,saying something.
在文章中可以很容易地判斷出“witnesss”的同義關(guān)系詞是“seen”,因此“witness”就是看見的意思。
Example:
In the northern regions the winters are generally cold and humid,and the summers hot and dry.
顯然,冬天和夏天的氣候是截然相反的,它們的修飾詞的意思也應該截然相反!癱old”與“hot”對應,“humid”與“dry”對應。因此,“humid”是“潮濕”的意思。
3、利用文章中對詞的定義猜測詞義
Example:
Such experiences are not unusual for the amateur conchologists,people who collect shells.
Conchologists的意思可以根據(jù)該詞后面的同位解釋“people who collect shells”理解為收集貝殼的人或貝殼收藏家。
Example:
Jack is now a florist,who keeps a shop for selling flowers in our district.
“florist”的意思就是其后定語從句“who keeps a shop for selling flowers”所描述的擁有一家專門賣花的商店的人,即“花店主”。
4、利用文章中對詞的舉例及解釋猜測詞義
Example:
Today young couples who are just starting their households of ten spend lots of their money on appliances,for instance,washing machines,refrigerators and color TVs.
通過所舉的例子(washing machines,refrigerators and color TVs)
可以看出,“appliances”應是這些名詞的總稱,即“家用電器”。
Example:
Finally the enemy surrendered.They threw down their weapons and walked out of the home with their hands over their heads.
通過后一句對“surrendered”的解釋:扔掉武器(throw down their weapons),舉起雙手(with their hands over heads)可知其意是“投降”。
5、利用構(gòu)詞法知識(前綴和后綴)猜測詞義
Example:
They overestimate the interviewee's ability and asked him many difficult questions.
“estimate”是“估計”的意思,“over-”是前綴,意為“過分,過度,超過”等,因此“overestimate”就是“高估”的意思。
Example:
We were told that ours was the most spacious room in the hotel .That was why we had to pay so much for it.
“spacious”是由“space”(名詞,空間)+“ious”(形容詞后綴變化而來的,因此,可猜測其詞義為“寬敞”。)
各種各樣的前、后綴可以構(gòu)成名詞、形容詞、動詞、副詞等,這些詞綴需要平時不斷地積累和記憶。掌握構(gòu)詞法知識是擴大詞匯量和猜測生詞詞義的最佳辦法。
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