2013年12月全國大學英語四級考試題型由寫作、聽力理解、閱讀理解和翻譯四個部分組成，其中閱讀理解占的比重最大為35%，但是題型較以往有所變化，原快速閱讀理解調整為長篇閱讀理解，篇章長度和難度不變，篇章后附有10個句子，每句一題，每句所含的信息出自篇章的某一段落，要求考生找出與每句所含信息相匹配的段落。為了幫助廣大考生在12月的全國大學英語四級考試中獲取高分，唯學網小編特別針對閱讀理解搜集不少改革后的新例題及專家解析，希望對考生們有所幫助。

Hate Your Job? Here’s How to Reshape It

A) Once upon a time, if you hated your job, you either quit or bit your lip. These days, a group of researchers is trumpeting a third option: shape your job so ifs more fruitful than futile.

B) "We often get trapped into thinking about our job as a list of things to do and a list of responsibilities," says Amy Wrzesniewski, an associate professor at the Yale School of Management. "But what if you set aside that mind-set?" If you could adjust what you do, she says, "who would you start talking to, what other tasks would you take on, and who would you work with?"

C) To make livelihoods more lively, Wrzesniewski and her colleagues Jane Dutton and Justin Berg have developed a methodology they call job-crafting. They’re working with Fortune 500 companies, smaller firms and business schools to change the way Americans think about work. The idea is to make all jobs--even mundane (平凡的) ones---more meaningful by empowering employees to brainstorm and implement subtle but significant workplace adjustments.

Step 1: Rethink Your Job--Creatively

D) "The default some people wake up to is dragging themselves to work and facing a list of things they have to do," says Wrzesniewski. So in the job-crafting process, the first step is to think about your job holistically. You first analyze how much time, energy and attention you devote to your various tasks. Then you reflect on that allocation( 分配). See I0 perfect jobs for the recession--and after.

E) Take, for example, a maintenance technician at Burt’s Bees, which makes personal-care products. He was interested in process engineering, though that wasn’t part of his job description. To alter the scope of his day-to-day activities, the technician asked a supervisor if he could spend some time studying an idea he had for making the firm’s manufacturing procedures more energy-efficient. His ideas proved helpful, and now process engineering is part of the scope of his work.

F) Barbara Fredrickson, author of Positivity and a professor of psychology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, says it’s crucial for people to pay attention to their workday emotions. "Doing so," she says, "will help you discover which aspects of your work are most life-giving-and most life-draining."

G) Many of us get stuck in ruts (慣例 ). Berg, a Ph.D. student at the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania who helped develop the job-crafting methodology, says we all benefit from periodically rethinking what we do. "Even in the most constraining jobs, people have a certain amount of wiggle room," he says. "Small changes can have a real impact on life at work."

Step 2: Diagram Your Day

H) To lay the groundwork for change, job-crafting participants assemble diagrams detailing their workday activities. The first objective is to develop new insights about what you actually do at work. Then you can dream up fresh ways to integrate what the job-crafting exercise calls your "strengths, motives and passions" into your daily routine. You convert task lists into flexible building blocks. The end result is an "after" diagram that can serve as a map for specific changes.

I) lna Lockau-Vogel, a management consultant who participated in a recent job-crafting workshop, says the exercise helped her adjust her priorities. "Before, 1 would spend so much time reacting to requests and focusing on urgent tasks that I never had time to address the real important issues." As part of the job-crafting process, she decided on a strategy for delegating and outsourcing (外包) more of her administrative responsibilities.

J) In contrast to business books that counsel, managers to influence workers through incentives, job-crafting focuses on what employees themselves can do to re-envision and adjust what they do every day. Given that according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, it now takes the average job seeker more than six months to find a new position, it’s crucial to make the most of the job you’ve got.

Step 3: Identify Job Loves and Hates

K) By reorienting (使適應 ) how you think about your job, you free yourself up for new ideas about how to restructure your workday time and energy. Take an IT worker who hates dealing with technologically incompetent callers. He might enjoy teaching more than customer service. By spending more time instructing colleagues--and treating help-line callers as curious students of tech--the disgruntled IT person can make the most of his 9-to-5 position.

L) Dutton, a professor at the University of Michigan’s Ross School of Business, says she has seen local auto-industry workers benefit from the job-crafting process. "They come in looking worn down, but after spending two hours on this exercise, they come away thinking about three or four things they can do differently."

M) "They start to recognize they have more control over their work than they realized," says Dutton, who parmered with Wrzesniewski on the original job-crafting research.

Step 4: Put Your Ideas into Action

N) To conclude the job-crafting process, participants list specific follow-up steps: Many plan a one-0n-one meeting with a supervisor to propose new project ideas. Others connect with colleagues to talk about trading certain tasks. Berg says as long as their goals are met, many managers are happy to let employees adjust how they work.

O) Job-crafting isn’t about revenue, per se, but juicing up ( 活躍 ) employee engagement may end up beefing up the bottom line. Amid salary, job and benefit cuts, more and more workers are disgruntled. Surveys show that more than 50% aren’t happy with what they do. Dutton, Berg and Wrzesniewski argue that emphasizing enjoyment can boost efficiency by lowering turnover rates and jacking up productivity. Job-crafting won’t rid you of a lousy boss or a subpar salary, but it does offer some remedies for job dissatisfaction. If you can’t ditch or switch a job, at least make it more likable.

1. A long time ago when a person hated his/her job, he/she will resign or bear it.

2. Amy Wrzesniewski think job could be adjusted.

3. Your first thing to do in the job-crafting process is to think about your job wholly .

4. The idea of a maintenance technician at Burt’s Bees turned out to be helpful and energy-efficient.

5. Berg’s suggestion about work is to rethink and make small changes.

6. According to Ina Lockau-Vogel, the benefit from job-crafting is that it helps her set priorities properly.

7. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the situation in job market is ---it is difficult to find a job.

8. Dutton has seen that local auto-industry workers profit from the job-crafting process.

9. According to Berg, if the job-crafting process is successful, the supervisors are willing to let employees adjust what to do.

10. If you can’t quit your job, using job-crafting may at least offer some remedies for job dissatisfaction.

專家解析：

日常生活中，人們往往認為工作是一些不得不做的任務、不得不承擔的責任。以前，當人們討厭他們的工作時，通常會辭職或掩飾不滿。而耶魯大學管理學院的副教授Amy Wrzesniewski及其同事卻提出了一個新的理念：雕琢工作(job—crafting)。文章通過舉例子，講述了如何運用這種方法來改變人們對工作的看法，使工作更討人喜歡。

1. A

根據題干信息詞hated和job定位到文章首句：從前，如果你討厭你的工作，要么辭職，要么掩飾自己的不滿，bite one’s lip意為“努力掩飾某人的怒火或不滿”。

2. B

根據題于信息詞Amy Wrzesniewski和job定位到文章第二段，即：我們經常會陷入這種思維定勢，認為我們的工作就是一系列要做的事情和一系列責任，但是，如果你換一種心態(tài)呢?如果做些什么可以調整這種心態(tài)呢?也就是說Amy Wrzesniewski認為工作是可以調整的，故選段落B。

3. D

A根據題于信息詞first和in the job-crafting process定位到第一個小標題下的首段第二句：在job-crafting的過程中，首先就是要整體考慮你的工作，故選段落D。holistically意為“整體地，全盤地”。原文的意思是先整體考慮，然后是具體分析時間、能量、注意力如何分配到不同的任務中。

4. E

根據題干信息詞At Burt’s Bees和maintenance technician定位到第一個小標題下的第二段：在Burt’s Bees的一個技術人員，對程序工程感興趣，雖然這不屬于他的職責范疇，但為了改變他日常工作的范圍，他爭取到一些時間研究出一個點子使公司的生產過程更節(jié)能，最后，他成功了。

5. G

根據題干信息詞Berg定位到第一個小標題下最后一段。Berg說道：階段性的反思會讓我們受益，即便是最受限制的工作也有改動的余地，一些小改變對工作狀態(tài)會有實實在在的影響。故本題選段落G。

6. I

根據題干信息詞job-crafting和Ina Lockau—Vogel定位到文章第二個小標題下的第二段：Ina提到，她參加了一個job—crafting研討會，在那的訓練幫助她調整事情的優(yōu)先級別，priority意為“優(yōu)先，優(yōu)先權”，故選段落I。

7. J

根據題干信息詞the Bureau of Labor Statistics定位到文章第二個標題下的第三段末句：根據勞動統(tǒng)計局的數據，現(xiàn)在找一個新工作平均需要6個月，最大限度去做好你現(xiàn)在的工作是至關重要的，由此可知本題選段落J。

8. L

根據題干信息詞Dutton和local auto-industry workers定位到文章第三個小標題下的第二段：Dutton說她已經看到當地汽車行業(yè)的工作者受益于job—crafting的過程。

9. N

根據題干信息詞the job—crafting process和employees定位到文章第四個小標題下的第一段末句：Berg說，一旦他們的目標實現(xiàn)，許多管理者都樂意讓他們的員工安排他們怎樣工作，題干中的be willing to意為“愿意，樂意”，與be happy to同義。

10. O

根據題于信息詞quit，at least和for job dissatisfaction定位到文章末段最后兩句：job-crafting不會使你擺脫糟糕的老板或低廉的薪水，但是它可以為你對工作的不滿提供補救。如果你不能丟棄或換掉工作，至少可以讓工作更討人喜歡，由此選段落O。

唯學網小編提醒：關于全國大學英語四級考試報名，大學英語四級考試模擬試題、大學英語四級考試成績查詢等相關考試資訊敬請繼續(xù)關注唯學網的英語培訓欄目。小編認為，考生能夠通過自己的努力最后高分通過全國大學英語四級考試，對于考生而言，不僅是一個學習的經過，更是一種自我的挑戰(zhàn)，英語培訓欄目小編將為考生全程助戰(zhàn)！