2013年12月全國大學英語四級考試題型由寫作、聽力理解、閱讀理解和翻譯四個部分組成，其中閱讀理解占的比重最大為35%，但是題型較以往有所變化，原快速閱讀理解調(diào)整為長篇閱讀理解，篇章長度和難度不變，篇章后附有10個句子，每句一題，每句所含的信息出自篇章的某一段落，要求考生找出與每句所含信息相匹配的段落。為了幫助廣大考生在12月的全國大學英語四級考試中獲取高分，唯學網(wǎng)小編特別針對閱讀理解搜集不少改革后的新例題及專家解析，希望對考生們有所幫助。

Animals on the Move

A) It looked like a scene from “Jaws” but without the dramatic music. A huge shark was slowly swimming through the water, its tail swinging back and forth like the pendulum of a clock. Suddenly sensitive nerve ending in the shark’s skin picked up vibrations of a struggling fish. The shark was immediately transformed into a deadly, efficient machine of death. With muscles taut, the shark knifed through the water at a rapid speed. In a flash the shark caught its victim, a large fish, in its powerful jaws. Then, jerking its head back and forth, the shark tore huge chunks of flesh from its victim and swallowed them. Soon the action was over.

Moving to Survive

B) In pursuing its prey, the shark demonstrated in a dramatic way the important role of movement, or locomotion, in animals.Like the shark, most animals use movement to find food.They also use locomotion to escape enemies, find a mate, and explore new territories. The methods of locomotion include crawling, hopping, slithering, flying, swimming, or walking.Humans have the added advantage of using their various inventions to move about in just about any kind of environment. Automobiles, rockets, and submarines transport humans from deep oceans to as far away as the moon.However, for other animals movement came about naturally through millions of years of evolution. One of the most successful examples of animal locomotion is that of the shark. Its ability to quickly zero in on its prey has always impressed scientists. But it took a detailed study by Duke University marine biologists S. A. Wainwright, F. Vosburgh, and J. H. Hebrank to find out how the sharks did it. In their study the scientists observed sharks swimming in a tank at Marine land in Saint Augustine, Fla. Movies were taken of the sharks’ movements and analyzed. Studies were also made of shark skin and muscle.

Skin Is the Key

C) The biologists discovered that the skin of the shark is the key to the animal’s high efficiency in swimming through the water. The skin contains many fibers that crisscross like the inside of a belted radial tire. The fibers are called collagen fibers. These fibers can either store or release large amounts of energy depending on whether the fibers are relaxed or taut. When the fibers are stretched, energy is stored in them the way energy is stored in the string of a bow when pulled tight. When the energy is released, the fibers become relaxed.

D) The Duke University biologists have found that the greatest stretching occurs where the shark bends its body while swimming. During the body’s back and forth motion, fibers along the outside part of the bending body stretch greatly. Much potential energy is stored in the fibers. This energy is released when the shark’s body snaps back the other way.

As energy is alternately stored and released on both sides of the animal’s body, the tail whips strongly back and forth. This whip-like action propels the animal through the water like a living bullet.

Source of Energy

E) What causes the fibers to store so much energy? In finding the answer the Duke University scientists learned that the shark’s similarity to a belted radial tire doesn’t stop with the skin. Just as a radial tire is inflated by pressure, so, too, is the area just under the shark’s collagen “radials”. Instead of air pressure, however, the pressure in the shark may be due to the force of the blood pressing on the collagen fibers.

F) When the shark swims slowly, the pressure on the fibers is relatively low. The fibers are more relaxed, and the shark is able to bend its body at sharp angles. The animal swims this way when looking around for food or just swimming. However, when the shark detects an important food source, some fantastic involuntary changes take place. The pressure inside the animal may increase by 10 times. This pressure change greatly stretches the fibers, enabling much energy to be stored. This energy is then transferred to the tail, and the shark is off. The rest of the story is predictable.

Dolphin Has Speed Record

G) Another fast marine animal is the dolphin. This seagoing mammal has been clocked at speeds of 32 kilometers (20 miles) an hour. Biologists studying the dolphin have discovered that, like the shark, the animal’s efficient locomotion can be traced to its skin. A dolphin’s skin is made up in such a way that it offers very little resistance to the water flowing over it. Normally when a fish or other object moves slowly through the water, the water flows smoothly past the body. This smooth flow is known as laminar flow. However, at faster speeds the water becomes more turbulent along the moving fish. This turbulence muses friction and slows the fish down.

H) In a dolphin the skin is so flexible that it bends and yields to the waviness of the water. The waves, in effect, become tucked into the skin’s folds. This allows the rest of the water to move smoothly by in a laminar flow. Where other animals would be slowed by turbulent water at rapid speeds, the dolphin can race through the water at record breaking speeds.

Other Animals Less Efficient

I) Not all animals move as efficiently as sharks and dolphins. Perhaps the greatest loser in locomotion efficiency is the slug. The slug, which looks like a snail without a shell, lays down a slimy trail over which it crawls. It uses so much energy producing the slimy mucus and crawling over it that a mouse traveling the same distance uses only one twelfth as much energy. Scientists say that because of the slug’s inefficient use of energy, its lifestyle must be restricted. That is, the animals are forced to confine themselves to small areas for obtaining food and finding proper living conditions. Have humans ever been faced with this kind of problem?

1.According to the passage, a shark can use movement to find food, to avoid being chased by its enemies, and to find a new place to live.

2.Examples of automobiles, rockets and submarines are used to show that human inventions enable us to travel in almost any kind of environment.

3.The skin is the key to the shark’s swift locomotion in water.

4.According to the Duke University scientists, when bending its body in swimming, the shark stretch its collagen fibers to the greatest extent.

5.Because it is also inflated by pressure, the area just under the shark’s collagen fibers similar to a belted radial tire.

6.A laminar flow is formed when a fish swims slowly through the water.

7.Consuming the equal amount of energy as a slug does, a mouse can travel 12 times as long as a slug.

8.A shark finds its prey by feeling the vibrations of a struggling prey.

9.According to the passage, collagen fibers can be compared to the string of a bow for both of them store energy when stretched.

10.When the shark detects an important food source, some fantastic involuntary changes take place.

專家解析：

1.B

可以將答案定位在小標題“Moving to Survive”下第二段的前兩句話，“Like the shark, most animals use movement to find food. They also use locomotion to escape enemies, find a mate, and explore now territories”。

2.B

題干考查汽車、火箭和潛艇的例子是為了說明可以使人類到達任何環(huán)境，其中的“examples of automobiles, rockets and submarines”是關(guān)鍵詞，可以將答案定位在文章小標題“Moving to Survive”下這句話，“Humans have the added advantage of using their various inventions to move about in just about any kind of environment. Automobiles, rockets, and submarines transport humans from deep oceans to as far away as the moon”。

3.C

本題考查鯊魚在水中快速游動的關(guān)鍵是在皮膚。其中的“key”是關(guān)鍵詞，可以將答案定位在小標題“Skin Is the Key”下首段的第一句話，“The biologists discovered that the skin of the shark is the key to the animal’s high efficiency in swimming through the water”，與本題句子完全一致，所以直接選擇C即可。

4.D

題干中的“collagen fibers to the greatest extent”是關(guān)鍵詞，可以將答案定位在小標題“Skin Is the Key”下第二段的第一句話，“The Duke University biologists have found that the greatest stretching occurs where the shark bends its body while swimming”。這與本題句子的內(nèi)容完全一致，

5.E

題干中“a belted radial tire”是關(guān)鍵詞，可以將答案鎖定在文章小標題“Source of Energy”下第一段的第三句話，“Just as a radial tire is inflated by pressure, so, too, is the area just under the shark’s collagen ‘radials’”。其中的“just as”和“so”正說明了兩者的相似之處在于“inflated by pressure”，所以答案應該是E。

6.G

題干中的關(guān)鍵詞是“a laminar flow”，所以可以將答案鎖定在文章小標題“Dolphin Has Speed Record”下，根據(jù)該節(jié)第一段的倒數(shù)第三、四句話，“Normally when a fish or other object moves slowly through the water, the water flows smoothly past the body. This smooth flow is known as laminar flow.”。題干是對這兩句話的改寫，所以正確答案是G。

7.I

題干中“a slug”和“a mouse”均為關(guān)鍵詞，可以直接定位在小標題“Other Animals Less Efficient”下第一段的第二句話，“It uses so much energy ... a mouse traveling the same distance uses only one twelfth as much energy”。題干是對該句的同義改寫.

8.A

題干中的shark, prey, struggling均為關(guān)鍵詞，可以直接定位在A段，Suddenly sensitive nerve ending in the shark’s skin picked up vibrations of a struggling fish.

9.C

在Skin Is the Key中，C段中第二、三句話，The fibers are called collagen fibers.

10.F

在Source of Energy中，可以定位到第二段倒數(shù)第一句。

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